In this paper, I describe my experiments to measure the phase diagram of ⁴He on Lithium substrates above 1 Kelvin. The Lithium films needed to be grown at 4 K to prevent contamination. The melting temperature of Lithium is 453.65 Kelvin, making it impossible to use thermal evaporation techniques. In order to grow the film, I needed to create a Pulsed Laser Deposition system capable of growing a Lithium film on a Quartz Crystal Microbalance at 4 K. The paper describes both the experiments and the Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) system.

This paper describes the design of a custom-built continuous 3He cryostat with pulse-tube pre-cooling and optical access capable of reaching 0.35 Kelvin base temperature. It was designed and constructed by Justin Burton (currently a professor of physics at Emory University) and myself.